Ho tloha qalong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše le ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, indasteri ea khoebo ea li-polymers-li-molek'hule tsa maiketsetso tsa ketane e telele eo "lipolasetiki" e leng lebitso le fosahetseng le tloaelehileng-e holile ka potlako.Ka 2015, lithane tse fetang limilione tse 320 tsa li-polymer, ntle le likhoele, li entsoe lefatšeng ka bophara.
[Chate: Moqoqo] Ho fihlela lilemong tse hlano tse fetileng, baetsi ba lihlahisoa tsa polymer ka tloaelo ba so nahane se tla etsahala kamora pheletso ea bophelo ba sehlahisoa sa bona.Sena se qala ho fetoha, 'me taba ena e tla hloka ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho eketsehileng lilemong tse tlang.
LIEKETSENG PLASTICS
"Polasetiki" e fetohile mokhoa o itseng o fosahetseng oa ho hlalosa li-polymers.Ka tloaelo ho tsoa petroleum kapa khase ea tlhaho, tsena ke limolek'hule tsa ketane e telele tse nang le lihokelo tse makholo ho isa ho likete ketane ka 'ngoe.Liketane tse telele li fetisa litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa tsa 'mele, tse kang matla le ho tiea, tseo limolek'hule tse khutšoanyane li ke keng tsa tšoana le tsona.
"Polasetiki" ha e le hantle ke mofuta o khutsufalitsoeng oa "thermoplastic," lentsoe le hlalosang lisebelisoa tsa polymeric tse ka bōptjoang le ho etsoa bocha ka mocheso.
Indasteri ea sejoale-joale ea polymer e entsoe ka nepo ke Wallace Carothers ho DuPont ka bo-1930.Mosebetsi oa hae o boima oa polyamides o ile oa lebisa khoebong ea nylon, kaha khaello ea silika nakong ea ntoa e ile ea qobella basali hore ba batle li-stockings libakeng tse ling.
Ha lisebelisoa tse ling li ne li haella nakong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, bafuputsi ba ile ba sheba lipolymer tsa maiketsetso ho tlatsa likheo.Ka mohlala, phepelo ea rabara ea tlhaho bakeng sa lithaere tsa koloi e ile ea khaoloa ke tlhōlo ea Majapane ea Asia Boroa-bochabela, e lebisang ho e lekanang le polymer ea maiketsetso.
Katleho e susumetsoang ke bohelehele ho k'hemistri e lebisitse ntlafatsong e tsoelang pele ea li-polymers tsa maiketsetso, ho kenyeletsoa le polypropylene e sebelisoang hona joale haholo le polyethylene e phahameng haholo.Li-polymer tse ling, tse kang Teflon, li ile tsa khoptjoa ke kotsi.
Qetellong, ho kopanngoa ha tlhoko, tsoelo-pele ea mahlale, le khutso li ile tsa lebisa tlhokomelong e felletseng ea lipolymer tseo joale u ka li hlokomelang habonolo e le "polasetiki."Li-polymer tsena li ile tsa rekisoa ka potlako, ka lebaka la takatso ea ho fokotsa boima ba lihlahisoa le ho fana ka mefuta e meng e theko e tlaase ho lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho tse kang selulose kapa k'hothone.
MEFUTA PALASEKA
Tlhahiso ea li-polymer tsa maiketsetso lefatšeng ka bophara e laoloa ke polyolefins-polyethylene le polypropylene.
Polyethylene e hlaha ka mefuta e 'meli: "high density" le "low density".Ka tekanyo ea limolek'hule, polyethylene e phahameng haholo e shebahala joaloka khekhe e nang le meno a makhutšoanyane kamehla.Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mofuta oa "low density" o shebahala joaloka khekhe e nang le meno a sa arohaneng a bolelele bo sa tloaelehang-a batla a tšoana le noka le melapo ea eona haeba e bonoa holimo.Leha e le polyethylene ka bobeli, phapang ea sebopeho e etsa hore lisebelisoa tsena li itšoare ka tsela e fapaneng ha li bōptjoa hore e be lifilimi kapa lihlahisoa tse ling.
[Chate: Moqoqo]
Polyolefin e ka sehloohong ka mabaka a 'maloa.Ea pele, li ka hlahisoa ho sebelisoa khase ea tlhaho e batlang e le theko e tlaase.Ea bobeli, ke li-polymers tsa maiketsetso tse bobebe ka ho fetesisa tse hlahisoang ka bongata bo boholo;ho teteana ha tsona ho tlase hoo li ka phaphamalang.Ea boraro, li-pololefin li hanela ho senngoa ke metsi, moea, mafura, lihlapolli tse hloekisang—lintho tsohle tseo li-polymer tsena li ka kopanang le tsona ha li sebelisoa.Qetellong, li bonolo ho li etsa lihlahisoa, ha li ntse li le matla hoo liphutheloana tse entsoeng ka tsona li ke keng tsa senyeha ka har'a teraka ea thepa e lutseng letsatsing letsatsi lohle.
Leha ho le joalo, lisebelisoa tsena li na le mathata a tebileng.Li theola hampe butle butle, ho bolelang hore polyolefin e tla phela tikolohong ka lilemo tse mashome ho isa ho tse makholo.Ho sa le joalo, maqhubu le moea oa li senya, 'me li etsa hore ho be le likaroloana tse nyenyane tse ka jeoang ke litlhapi le liphoofolo, ebe li nyoloha le ketane ea lijo li lebile ho rōna.
Ho sebelisa polyolefin ha ho bonolo joalo ka ha motho a ka rata ka lebaka la ho bokella le ho hloekisa.Oksijene le mocheso li baka tšenyo ea ketane nakong ea ho nchafatsa, ha lijo le lisebelisoa tse ling li silafatsa polyolefin.Tsoelo-pele e tsoelang pele k'hemistri e thehile limaraka tse ncha tsa polyolefin tse matla le ho tšoarella nako e telele, empa tsena ha li khone ho kopana kamehla le limaraka tse ling nakong ea ho sebelisoa hape.Ho feta moo, polyolefin hangata e kopantsoe le lisebelisoa tse ling ka har'a liphutheloana tsa multilayer.Leha meaho ena ea li-multilayer e sebetsa hantle, ha ho khonehe ho e sebelisa hape.
Ka linako tse ling li-polymers li nyatsuoa ka ho hlahisoa ho tsoa ho petroleum e ntseng e haella le khase ea tlhaho.Leha ho le joalo, karoloana ea ebang ke ea khase ea tlhaho kapa petroleum e sebelisoang ho hlahisa li-polymer e tlaase haholo;Ka tlase ho 5% ea oli kapa khase ea tlhaho e hlahisoang selemo le selemo e sebelisoa ho etsa lipolasetiki.Ho feta moo, ethylene e ka hlahisoa ka ethanol ea 'moba, joalokaha e etsoa khoebong ke Braskem ea Brazil.
PLASTIKI E SEBEDISWA KATENG
Ho ipapisitse le sebaka, sephutheloana se sebelisa 35% ho isa ho 45% ea polymer ea maiketsetso e hlahisitsoeng ka kakaretso, moo polyolefin e busang.Polyethylene terephthalate, polyester, e laola 'maraka oa libotlolo tsa seno le likhoele tsa masela.
Ho aha le ho aha ho ja karolo e 'ngoe ea 20% ea kakaretso ea li-polymer tse hlahisoang, moo pipe ea PVC le li-cousin tsa eona tsa lik'hemik'hale li busang.Liphaephe tsa PVC li bobebe, li ka khoptjoa ho e-na le ho rekisoa kapa ho chesetsoa, 'me li hanela haholo liphello tse senyang tsa chlorine metsing.Ka bomalimabe, liathomo tsa chlorine tse fanang ka PVC monyetla ona li etsa hore ho be thata haholo ho li sebelisa hape - tse ngata li lahloa qetellong ea bophelo.
Polyurethanes, lelapa lohle la li-polymers tse amanang le tsona, li sebelisoa haholo ho kenya foam bakeng sa matlo le lisebelisoa, hammoho le liphahlo tsa meralo.
Lefapha la likoloi le sebelisa palo e ntseng e eketseha ea thermoplastics, haholoholo ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele, ka hona, ho fihlela litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa ts'ebetso ea mafura.European Union e hakanya hore 16% ea boima ba koloi e tloaelehileng ke likarolo tsa polasetiki, haholo-holo bakeng sa likarolo tse ka hare le likaroloana.
Ho sebelisoa lithane tse fetang limilione tse 70 tsa thermoplastics ka selemo ho masela, haholo liaparo le k'hapete.Ho feta 90% ea likhoele tsa maiketsetso, haholo-holo polyethylene terephthalate, li hlahisoa Asia.Keketseho ea tšebeliso ea likhoele tsa maiketsetso liphahlong e tlile ka litšenyehelo tsa likhoele tsa tlhaho tse kang k'hothone le boea, tse hlokang hore ho hlahisoe masimo a mangata.Indasteri ea fiber ea maiketsetso e bone kholo e kholo ea liaparo le k'hapete, ka lebaka la thahasello ea thepa e ikhethang joalo ka ho otlolla, ho koala mongobo le ho phefumoloha.
Joalo ka tabeng ea ho paka, hangata masela ha a sebelisoe hape.Moahi ea tloaelehileng oa Amerika o hlahisa liponto tse fetang 90 tsa litšila tsa masela selemo se seng le se seng.Ho ea ka Greenpeace, motho ea tloaelehileng ka 2016 o ile a reka liaparo tse fetang 60% selemo le selemo ho feta kamoo motho ea tloaelehileng a neng a etsa lilemo tse 15 pejana, 'me o boloka liaparo nako e khutšoanyane.
Nako ea poso: Jul-03-2023